The city takes its name from the new castle built in 1080 to defend the crossing of the Tyne, replacing a Roman fort that had stood on the same ground a thousand years earlier as one of the easternmost outposts of Hadrian’s Wall. The medieval town walls survive in long stretches, an unusual amount for an English city. The Georgian centre, planned and built in the 1830s by a partnership of architects and a single speculative developer, is a rare example of coherent town-building executed as a single architectural set piece. Industrial heritage adds another layer, since Newcastle was a leading centre for shipbuilding, locomotive manufacture and coal export, and the Tyne itself is lined with the structural traces of all three.